#: locale=en ## Action ### URL WebFrame_E800DF0D_D020_9D5B_41E2_04C169BC3CBF.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/0uo0W4sd-IU WebFrame_9AF32D26_8DCC_7D63_41D4_2756326362F9.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/0uo0W4sd-IU WebFrame_675BD66A_7FC8_36AC_41CA_C8DA82E430E5.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/22lGbAVWhro WebFrame_98A015D6_8DC3_ED23_41D1_C6F5E9F288CD.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/2WjJ0O9evOM WebFrame_990B0A1F_8DCC_A721_41D9_C8220ADCDA54.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/2WjJ0O9evOM WebFrame_6E741FF5_22CC_B4AE_41B0_A4093C0098BE.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/3bCUhrWl4jE WebFrame_E8079F0F_D020_9D57_41CB_470AB28A2040.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/CkYHnPqr6k0 WebFrame_9F011F68_8DC5_BDEF_41BE_00E2F276D6C3.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/CkYHnPqr6k0 WebFrame_98FDAC13_8DC5_A321_41AF_71C3D168F72B.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/KWf7wv-jKYA WebFrame_9F097AA6_8DFC_6763_41E1_092F98683FA7.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/KcPh8nAa4OA WebFrame_982C8ED9_8DCF_9F21_41E1_6B058CC164C4.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/Mow2G8EJBA4 WebFrame_08495E33_224C_B7AA_41BB_EEBA7470E7CC.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/Mow2G8EJBA4 WebFrame_9E024DD2_8DC7_9D23_41DC_A31C0FA3D81A.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/VMHu50xbBVA WebFrame_9F2F6E49_8DFC_7F21_4191_403446C2FF31.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/WO_6IQ1dR2w WebFrame_94E890AF_8DC5_A361_41D4_2005DAB13065.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/YnV5RZ9mpt8 WebFrame_F1D47E35_E8EE_8F75_41DF_A043D414B4C7.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/evH0I7Coc54 WebFrame_9AC6F702_8DC4_AD23_41B5_FF6EC137443E.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/j6OCHu4bLKk WebFrame_9E717211_8DFC_E721_41CC_2D98F55A5A67.url = https://europa.eu/webtools/crs/iframe/?oriurl=//www.youtube.com/embed/pP12I4B_5uM WebFrame_041C5FA6_4FB4_4A37_41D1_3CDDD6A9AB17.url = https://visitors-centre.jrc.ec.europa.eu/en/monitor/1141 WebFrame_B40C4DD7_D7BD_DA52_41E9_BA9ADB739A00.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/JO4hTKkoC6o?rel=0 ## E-Learning ### Answer questionOption_B4853E7A_44BC_4A1F_41C3_A1EE6CFA4B63.text = 10 minutes questionOption_B4856E7A_44BC_4A1F_41CF_28FEFDC01096.text = 15 minutes questionOption_B4855E79_44BC_4A1D_41CA_AC646824FCD6.text = 3 minutes questionOption_52F9A7F9_5D74_7A1D_41B8_C5342A3087AB.text = 35 minutes questionOption_5316E74C_5CBD_FA7B_41B6_D5E44344DAC7.text = Helium and Lanthanum, because of the chemicals involved in immortalising the cell line. questionOption_5316E737_5CBD_FA15_4162_7D3A0284632A.text = Henrietta Lacks, named after the patient whose cells were taken. questionOption_5316E74B_5CBD_FA7D_41BC_5957214DC47F.text = Hepatoma Laboratory culture, because it is a culture of liver cells. questionOption_5316E74B_5CBD_FA7D_4193_B83FEE6C2CE1.text = Hermann Laue, the researcher who isolated the cells for the first time. questionOption_AB606D2C_C586_3682_41E2_9FA2E1A7B418.text = a 384-well plate questionOption_AB61CD2B_C586_3686_41E2_DD69C8D0CBBF.text = a 48-well plate questionOption_AB14ED2A_C586_3686_41E5_875B975B5343.text = a 6-well plate questionOption_AB604D2B_C586_3686_41D2_0445209F0605.text = a 96-well plate questionOption_C303494F_8D1B_DDA8_41DF_940D26BB2400.text = a chemical fume hood questionOption_C30C094D_8D1B_DDA8_41D8_CE89F5111038.text = a laminar flow hood questionOption_B9420161_44B4_362D_41C4_63EF364B444B.text = a robotic arm of the high-throughput screening platform questionOption_5343C5C2_5C94_3E6F_41CD_752618EFD6DB.text = a silicon-based organic polymer questionOption_C303F94E_8D1B_DDA8_41D0_CBBA448D2440.text = an incubator questionOption_53462773_5C9C_7A2D_41C6_07195073CE76.text = brain questionOption_5316E749_5CBD_FA7D_41BA_4AEC69CD5CD7.text = cardiomyocytes (heart cells) questionOption_5343C5AE_5C94_3E37_419A_6C8A5DD416C4.text = glass questionOption_53462771_5C9C_7A2D_41B6_CAFB30F720B2.text = heart questionOption_5316E748_5CBD_FA7B_41C1_915E639ABD96.text = hepatocytes (liver cells) questionOption_5347CC85_5C9B_CEF5_41A0_9D9DC4B5AAC0.text = kidney questionOption_53462772_5C9C_7A2F_41AF_F967D3367C14.text = lung questionOption_5316E73F_5CBD_FA15_417A_7376F63F2C52.text = neurons (nerve cells) questionOption_5316E749_5CBD_FA7D_4187_53A718542A0D.text = osteocytes (bone cells) questionOption_5343C5C2_5C94_3E6F_41A5_27D4EF4E5315.text = silicon questionOption_5343C5C3_5C94_3E6D_41BC_5B6755FE5225.text = titanium questionOption_CC68BF54_E921_8D0B_41CB_FA8BEAE9ADEA.text = to control oxygen consumption questionOption_CC694F54_E921_8D0B_41E9_917EDAB41194.text = to control the pH questionOption_CC695F55_E921_8D35_41E0_6515F130CF6B.text = to prevent viral/bacteria contamination ### Question question_AB0E8D29_C586_3682_41DD_BF6F35C4B435.title = 1. What type of multi-well plate is this? question_53462770_5C9C_7A2B_41D2_AAB46CD98FF8.title = 1. Which organ was the first to be reproduced on a chip? question_CC67CF54_E921_8D0B_41D5_FDB09DE36549.title = 1. Why is CO2 used in an incubator to culture cells? question_5316E737_5CBD_FA15_41B0_AD3E69E8996B.title = 2. The oldest example of an immortal cell line is called HeLa. What exactly does HeLa stand for? question_5343C5AE_5C94_3E37_41CF_B70FA49452FD.title = 2. What is the most commonly used material for organ-on-chip devices? question_C30CC94D_8D1B_DDA8_41BA_4D7D657F130B.title = 2. What is this device called? question_B4853E79_44BC_4A1D_41CD_462C34965A80.title = 3. How long would it take to manually fill 16 plates each with 96 wells using an 8-channel pipette? question_5316E73F_5CBD_FA15_41BF_5443028C7482.title = 3. What type of cells are these? ### Question Screen quizQuestion_7F1A92E8_6DCC_B7B2_41A3_2BDC9539890C.ok = OK ### Report Screen quizScore_7F1862E9_6DCC_B7B2_41DA_BADCC81C4EA1.title = - SCORE - quizScore_7F1862E9_6DCC_B7B2_41DA_BADCC81C4EA1.completion = Completed quizScore_7F1862E9_6DCC_B7B2_41DA_BADCC81C4EA1.questionsCorrect = Correct quizScore_7F1862E9_6DCC_B7B2_41DA_BADCC81C4EA1.downloadCSV = Download .csv quizScore_7F1862E9_6DCC_B7B2_41DA_BADCC81C4EA1.questionsIncorrect = Incorrect quizScore_7F1862E9_6DCC_B7B2_41DA_BADCC81C4EA1.items = Items Found quizScore_7F1862E9_6DCC_B7B2_41DA_BADCC81C4EA1.questions = Questions quizScore_7F1862E9_6DCC_B7B2_41DA_BADCC81C4EA1.repeat = Repeat quizScore_7F1862E9_6DCC_B7B2_41DA_BADCC81C4EA1.submitToLMS = Submit quizScore_7F1862E9_6DCC_B7B2_41DA_BADCC81C4EA1.elapsedTime = Time ### Score Name score1.label = Quiz 1 score2.label = Quiz 2 score4.label = Quiz 3 ### Timeout Screen quizTimeout_7F1DE2E8_6DCC_B7B2_41CE_1850C55F9812.title = - TIMEOUT - quizTimeout_7F1DE2E8_6DCC_B7B2_41CE_1850C55F9812.repeat = Repeat quizTimeout_7F1DE2E8_6DCC_B7B2_41CE_1850C55F9812.score = View Score ## Hotspot ### Tooltip HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_ABAE585B_44AC_361D_41A2_4D0D1AA74CBF.toolTip = Building networks: a neurons' perspective HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8A5B76DB_DA8B_6F89_41EA_71678D0EA118.toolTip = Cell culture room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_88C0F343_DA8B_66F9_41D6_DB0684F134F4.toolTip = Cell culture room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_D32EB943_E9E1_950D_41E6_38C4C639278F.toolTip = Cell cultures quiz HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_4776DC1D_7848_1A64_41AF_48276B6E23AB.toolTip = Dancing cells HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E239E89B_889B_54C4_41D1_FA0D6478A051.toolTip = Did you know HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_DA304696_C090_EC4E_41E3_C19EB2F7CAFD.toolTip = Did you know? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_AC017D13_BF71_FC46_41DB_0A672975C2A2.toolTip = Did you know? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_64789C27_22B5_5BAA_41B1_9BDC09C45E8D.toolTip = Did you know? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_DA0F678E_C097_EC5E_41CA_C382D7BD4D1B.toolTip = Did you know? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_AC9C0356_C48A_528E_41E4_3E92FB794AC5.toolTip = Did you know? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_D9FF49AC_C090_6442_41E0_66C65AC38F17.toolTip = Did you know? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F1C51E34_E8EE_8F0B_41EA_FF1C5D3DF9DE.toolTip = Did you know? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_DA127E5B_C093_9CC6_41CE_B73B111727D4.toolTip = Did you know? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_08789E2F_224C_B7BA_41A8_2060986F91DF.toolTip = ECVAM: who are we? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_4A3EEC88_59DC_AF38_41D1_1BEE1BF52F4A.toolTip = ECVAM: who are we? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_CF32AF94_E8D0_7EBA_41D6_16E53DDAD383.toolTip = Emilio HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_C156CE16_E8D0_21A6_41DD_BC5007CD5375.toolTip = Entrance area HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8D4CAFC3_DA9E_9DF9_41E5_495A96A98B8D.toolTip = Entrance area HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8B34AD12_DA89_A29B_41BA_226386ADB8F2.toolTip = Entrance area HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_0411EFA4_4FB4_4A2B_41CF_553EC6822485.toolTip = Explore more! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_BC15C170_87AB_5444_41D0_A46A6E97670F.toolTip = Exposure HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_B9B911B1_C5FA_F182_41CC_C9A2A7BA4949.toolTip = Exposure HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E5FD58B1_D020_A34B_41D7_659B262C341F.toolTip = Hela cell line HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_91127B66_D023_E5C9_41E3_574515537865.toolTip = Info HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_6C959470_22B3_4BA6_41C0_6C42FA67E281.toolTip = Info HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F38CBEF1_D067_9CCB_41C0_7718C43BD40D.toolTip = Info HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F2A17B2B_D060_A55F_41B8_9467B4331EAC.toolTip = Info HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F3755F71_D060_9DCB_41C4_555B6FD78174.toolTip = Info HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F356EC85_D060_E34B_41D1_7170AF558FE3.toolTip = Info HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_FCB617AF_4597_FA35_41AA_9707EFB25F59.toolTip = Look at the incubator! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EF9E75DC_D023_6CF9_41D4_3DBDEF883D7C.toolTip = Look at the microelectrode array! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_6CF6D863_22B3_DBAA_41C0_A8AF0FA0A61D.toolTip = Look at the organ-on-chip! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_C5EF031D_44EC_3A15_41CA_B2DE8877B3E4.toolTip = Look at the robotic platform! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8C4E3693_45BC_5AED_41BA_6A29EC173546.toolTip = Look through the microscope! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_9878C5FC_44BC_5E1B_4194_31C249993079.toolTip = Look through the microscope! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E575A13D_D979_6289_41EB_1AC39B743F66.toolTip = Meet Emilio! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E4A75D55_D97B_A299_41C4_3BEF1967C08D.toolTip = Meet Francesca! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_C0D9AF7D_E8F1_FE6A_41B8_2E1DE4243236.toolTip = Meet Jukka! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E7153049_D97B_E289_41EA_8CBC5E054624.toolTip = Meet Jukka! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_C247C715_E8D0_2FBA_41E0_05661398D7DD.toolTip = Meet Monica! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E8006F0E_D020_9D59_41E4_F62FD2CD51B5.toolTip = Meet Taina! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_ED536654_88BB_FC4C_41B7_7360EEC0C17E.toolTip = Meet Taina! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_88DB3F51_DA89_9E99_41D7_5F27450B7DD1.toolTip = Microelectrode array room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8A1DCDC3_DA9A_BDF9_41EB_7B4767019052.toolTip = Microscopy Room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8D4894DB_DA9A_A389_41DD_79795BC89A6B.toolTip = Microscopy room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8DFE298E_DA99_A58B_41CC_4DF200DD36BD.toolTip = Microscopy room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8A3ABA8F_DA9E_E789_41E2_887A0F44F629.toolTip = Microscopy room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E4B97A27_D97B_A6B9_41C4_72A353BAB364.toolTip = Monica HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_DF3709EA_E922_951F_41D5_BB93EBA6A60A.toolTip = Organ-on-chip quiz HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8216B033_DAF9_6299_41E1_073D227B53FD.toolTip = Organ-on-chip room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_855928FF_DAFF_6389_41E8_87026FAFC064.toolTip = Organ-on-chip room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_82743E2E_DAFA_9E8B_41C4_44EDF95C6342.toolTip = Organ-on-chip room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_6E7F1FF4_22CC_B4AE_41BE_A0F3D34ED228.toolTip = Organ-on-chip: the ultimate animal testing replacement? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_24C619B0_4774_562B_41C5_DEC67216C4D4.toolTip = Robot in action! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_CEB13124_887B_35CC_41D5_B24F23F9D287.toolTip = Robot in action! HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8E733E85_DA96_FE79_41C2_1CF42BA50EBD.toolTip = Robotic platform HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_AB0E3D29_C586_3682_41E7_28D4B7C36288.toolTip = Robotic platform quiz HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8566953A_DAFB_628B_41E7_19963496B310.toolTip = Robotic platform room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8311F905_DAFA_E279_418F_C6DBA6F56A4E.toolTip = Robotic platform room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_87FB6F08_DAF7_7E77_41E7_A7F8D3ED50B3.toolTip = Robotic platform room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8596AC51_DAF9_E299_4191_71542D6D2E82.toolTip = Robotic platform room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_85E75001_DAFE_E279_4192_52D1D4DEEBA6.toolTip = Robotic platform room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_81CE3505_DA89_6279_41E9_EA0C6E8AF78C.toolTip = Robotic platform room HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E9F52F0B_D020_9D5F_41E8_8B41F0354264.toolTip = Safe, or not safe, that is the question HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EDA39656_88BB_FC4C_41D9_F5EB55851883.toolTip = Safe, or not safe, that is the question HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E48EBE4F_D979_BE89_41E0_8E680F6524F0.toolTip = Taina HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_67245669_7FC8_36AC_41DC_96C569135AE9.toolTip = The immortal cells of Henrietta Lacks HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_7087E7DD_4FAC_3A15_41BF_D301CC9142FE.toolTip = What are alternatives to animal testing? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_084D1E32_224C_B7AA_41A7_3C26AF392CC2.toolTip = What are alternatives to animal testing? HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F1D7BE35_E8EE_8F75_41A8_11023C611430.toolTip = What are stem cells? ## Media ### Audio audiores_2E9ED95B_0CBA_46DF_41A4_341D56BA15F9.mp3Url = media/audio_2CC9E1DB_0CBA_49DF_419A_D07BF1603C48_en.mp3 AudioResource_6D710091_0928_E687_41A1_7191E2B9F1DF.mp3Url = media/audio_55929863_471A_C24E_41C6_ED8431823975_en.mp3 AudioResource_6D761092_0928_E685_41A7_D9B4AA6F8C2C.mp3Url = media/audio_7A3C681C_6488_0DFC_41C0_A760B4F3E655_en.mp3 AudioResource_6D712091_0928_E687_4175_293B49918B85.mp3Url = media/audio_E920068C_CE56_76B6_41E3_BA1AC63996F0_en.mp3 AudioResource_6D769092_0928_E685_417E_AA01C7F0D290.mp3Url = media/audio_E930B83D_CE56_79D6_41D5_2B4623D560B3_en.mp3 ### Description album_3B8E087D_7848_7AA4_418C_9F55DC1629CF_0.description = A multi-well plate of a microelectrode array device or MEA that we use in our ECVAM laboratory. It contains a grid of tiny electrodes on the bottom through which electrical signals are measured. album_264A8CF7_7848_1BA4_41D4_AE1765418504_3.description = A pump continuously moves a fluid containing nutrients for the cells, simulating the bloodstream. photo_C494452A_44EB_FE3F_41CF_BE09300CF48F.description = Although the platforms are fully automated, our scientists can still supervise the experiments. album_E86F964B_45F4_7A7D_41B5_F3443265AC27_1.description = Being pluripotent means that any cell can be transformed into stem cells which can then be turned into skin, nerve, muscle or practically any other cell type of in the human body album_E80060BB_45FD_D61C_41A8_C3364F9B3FF5_3.description = Bone cells or osteocytes are mature bone cells. They develop from osteoblasts and maintain the bone matrix, with long extensions reaching into the bone tissue. Osteocytes have a stellate shape. photo_F8B4431C_E8E1_953B_41C6_70CC3F42030A.description = HeLa cells have helped scientists to develop vaccines for infections such as polio and human papillomavirus (HPV). In 1962, the HeLa cells were sent to space to study the effects of zero-gravity conditions on human cells. photo_F8B4431C_E8E1_953B_41C6_70CC3F42030A.description = HeLa cells have helped scientists to develop vaccines for infections such as polio and human papillomavirus (HPV). In 1962, the HeLa cells were sent to space to study the effects of zero-gravity conditions on human cells. album_E80060BB_45FD_D61C_41A8_C3364F9B3FF5_1.description = Heart cells or cardiomyocytes are primarily involved in the contractile function of the heart that enables the pumping of blood around the body. They have an elongated cylindrical shape and are surrounded by contractile proteins such as actin (green). album_E98EFEBA_45F4_4A1F_41C4_C0D370043B38_2.description = However, in our lab, we use induced pluripotent stem cells because they offer many scientific advantages over HeLa cells. photo_18476E13_4F77_CDED_41CF_E41EFC4D4B05.description = In 2010, the EU adopted Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. This Directive is unique in the world because it sets as its ultimate goal the full replacement of laboratory animals. album_E86F964B_45F4_7A7D_41B5_F3443265AC27_0.description = In 2012, John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. photo_DFB22E09_44EB_CDFD_41C1_2D72457F8C11.description = In our laboratory, we use two robotic platforms to perform exposure experiments. album_E86F964B_45F4_7A7D_41B5_F3443265AC27_3.description = It is better to use the iPSC than embryonic stem cells for both practical and ethical reasons. album_E80060BB_45FD_D61C_41A8_C3364F9B3FF5_0.description = Liver cells or hepatocytes, \ the liver’s main functional cells, perform an astonishing number of functions. Roughly 80 % of the liver mass consists of hepatocytes. Hepatocyte nuclei (blue) are distinctly round. album_E80060BB_45FD_D61C_41A8_C3364F9B3FF5_2.description = Nerve cells or neurons are the active component of the nervous system. Neurons communicate with each other as well as with other cells through electric signals (nerve impulses). They are characterised by branch-like structures known as neurites (green), which arise from the cell body. album_264A8CF7_7848_1BA4_41D4_AE1765418504_1.description = One of the organ-on-chip devices used in our ECVAM laboratory. album_264A8CF7_7848_1BA4_41D4_AE1765418504_0.description = Organ-on-chip devices can mimic organ functions and interactions between organs. They have a size of a credit card. photo_1D16340E_4F77_FDF7_41B6_D66AFFC60EC2.description = Since 2013, the European Union’s Cosmetics Regulation has prohibited the sale of cosmetics and personal-care products that have been tested on animals. photo_1847F156_4F77_D617_41CA_63659137C3D8.description = The Directive also spells out – for the first time in EU legislation – the principle of the “Three Rs’ to replace, reduce and refine the use of animals in science and makes it a legal requirement in all aspects of the care and use of laboratory animals. album_E98EFEBA_45F4_4A1F_41C4_C0D370043B38_0.description = The HeLa cells are the oldest example of an immortal cell line. They derive from cervical tumour cells taken from Henrietta Lacks, a 31-year-old woman who died of cancer in 1951. album_264A8CF7_7848_1BA4_41D4_AE1765418504_5.description = The organ-on-chip set up in our ECVAM laboratory. album_D520A01F_4594_5615_41A3_77449B195DE7_1.description = The robot is very fast: it can add chemicals to a 96-well plate in under 4 seconds. photo_C48B7465_44EB_DE35_418E_6D950FA3BC71.description = The robotic arms take a multi-well plate containing cells from the incubator … photo_C494BF92_44EB_CAEF_41CB_5688B2778EB5.description = Then the liquid-handling head adds the precise amounts of chemicals to be tested in each well. photo_E78697B3_F23F_0AB5_41D8_64ACCD0C847C.description = There are several plate formats, each with a different number of wells. We use plates with either 96 or 364 wells. photo_E78697B3_F23F_0AB5_41D8_64ACCD0C847C.description = There are several plate formats, each with a different number of wells. We use plates with either 96 or 364 wells. album_E86F964B_45F4_7A7D_41B5_F3443265AC27_2.description = These cells are called human-induced pluripotent stem cells. They have become an important tool for understanding human physiology and modelling human disease, as well as for screening new drugs. album_D23B7ECF_459C_CA75_41B2_A6C23B84E086_0.description = To grow cells we need to keep them under optimal pH and temperature conditions and feed them with a growth medium. photo_C4949AE5_44EB_CA35_41CF_1DD12D2FE5AE.description = View of the deck. album_264A8CF7_7848_1BA4_41D4_AE1765418504_2.description = We fill it with specific cells to mimic an organ – for example, liver cells for the liver and neurons for the brain. album_3B8E087D_7848_7AA4_418C_9F55DC1629CF_1.description = We fill the multi-well plate with a solution of cells such as neurons. Then through the interface, we monitor the electrical signal when the cells are exposed to a chemical. photo_E83C05E1_F7A2_0E1F_41E9_C46721A5840D.description = We use special molecules, called stains, that bind specific sites of the cells to check for damages or changes. photo_E83C05E1_F7A2_0E1F_41E9_C46721A5840D.description = We use special molecules, called stains, that bind specific sites of the cells to check for damages or changes. album_264A8CF7_7848_1BA4_41D4_AE1765418504_4.description = With a microscope, we can observe the cells on the chip in real time. photo_E90057FE_F7A2_09E5_41E3_2AB9A036B35C.description = With our automated platform we can use more than one stain at the same time. It is like we do a health check-up of the cells! photo_E90057FE_F7A2_09E5_41E3_2AB9A036B35C.description = With our automated platform we can use more than one stain at the same time. It is like we do a health check-up of the cells! album_D23B7ECF_459C_CA75_41B2_A6C23B84E086_1.description = With this incubator, we can control the temperature, humidity, and the amount of carbon dioxide in the air to maintain the right pH in the culture medium. album_8D476DB8_D7CE_3ADE_41DE_0ABF4638C3F6_0.description = mhgmgcmgc photo_C49449F6_44EB_D617_41CD_6468657986FE.description = … and place it on the deck. ### Floorplan ### Image imlevel_C9A8661A_EE55_8598_41D5_12B9E5A43CD6.url = media/map_CE0280FF_D063_64B7_41E0_2D1244A33DE5_en_0.png imlevel_C9A8761A_EE55_8598_41C6_D8C25DCA3CD2.url = media/map_CE0280FF_D063_64B7_41E0_2D1244A33DE5_en_1.png imlevel_C9A8961A_EE55_8598_41D9_2BEDA9A6AF42.url = media/map_CE0280FF_D063_64B7_41E0_2D1244A33DE5_en_2.png imlevel_C9A8B61A_EE55_8598_41E0_B89DA4F2307F.url = media/map_CE0280FF_D063_64B7_41E0_2D1244A33DE5_en_3.png imlevel_C9A8D61A_EE55_8598_41AE_BF86C81234EB.url = media/map_CE0280FF_D063_64B7_41E0_2D1244A33DE5_en_4.png ### Subtitle panorama_E0CCBC95_D020_A34B_41D6_576BA360006B.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_FED223B2_D1E1_A549_41DA_5D332339CA39.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_C45438F2_D020_E4C9_41E6_84586E6560D9.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_D3546462_C38A_3686_41D6_5F779A36686A.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_D2BA4712_C386_D286_41D9_ACF672364FAD.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_D3759673_C39A_5286_4160_3729482AC6C0.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_D2E40FD0_C386_3182_41DC_D6BAE7D347C3.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_E51F50C9_D021_64DB_41DD_D7BD6EDBECF4.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_FD2A4D75_D060_9DCB_41A2_E6B5855D0FB4.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_55200F0B_4394_4BFD_41A0_3575FB74AD17.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_577AFF72_43EB_CA2F_41CE_859B94DFAA6E.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_577AACD2_43EB_CE6F_41C0_A3A044726983.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_5A639F08_43F4_4BFB_41C9_BFF99ED0AF60.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_5B41B1B2_43F4_362F_41B2_F18F8C512C22.subtitle = ECVAM panorama_5B42DF41_43F5_CA6D_41C6_CBA7DAFB7604.subtitle = ECVAM album_8D476DB8_D7CE_3ADE_41DE_0ABF4638C3F6.subtitle = mhgc,hgcmghc ### Title album_8D476DB8_D7CE_3ADE_41DE_0ABF4638C3F6_0.label = 1 album_52F7D8FB_5D7B_D61D_41B0_868C87981F60_0.label = 1. HeLa cells © NIH - flickr.com, CCBY-NC 2.0 album_E98EFEBA_45F4_4A1F_41C4_C0D370043B38_0.label = 1.Henrietta_Lacks_historical_marker © Emw, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons album_E80060BB_45FD_D61C_41A8_C3364F9B3FF5_0.label = 1.Hepatocytes © European Union album_EB7EC4FF_45F4_5E15_41B9_7F20A6CCAEC8_0.label = 1.Incubator and cells © European Union album_5304333B_5C9C_5A1D_41D3_61E88101C029_0.label = 1.Incubator and cells © European Union album_D23B7ECF_459C_CA75_41B2_A6C23B84E086_0.label = 1.Incubator open © European Union album_264A8CF7_7848_1BA4_41D4_AE1765418504_0.label = 1.JJB9288 album_3B8E087D_7848_7AA4_418C_9F55DC1629CF_0.label = 1.MEA plate photo_E78697B3_F23F_0AB5_41D8_64ACCD0C847C.label = 1.Microplates photo_E78697B3_F23F_0AB5_41D8_64ACCD0C847C.label = 1.Microplates photo_DFB22E09_44EB_CDFD_41C1_2D72457F8C11.label = 1.Nll_130120_0447_5D © European Union album_E86F964B_45F4_7A7D_41B5_F3443265AC27_0.label = 1.Nobel prizes © Nobel Foundation album_1DC2F376_7848_0EA4_41C9_E3220C5A450E_0.label = 1.OoC tool (luchschenF - stock.adobe.com) album_D0725921_45FC_562D_41D1_3E7974E2A20E_0.label = 1.wellplate © European Union album_5310C197_5CB4_3615_41B1_CFA40B47BA30_0.label = 1.wellplate © European Union album_8D476DB8_D7CE_3ADE_41DE_0ABF4638C3F6_7.label = 11 album_8D476DB8_D7CE_3ADE_41DE_0ABF4638C3F6_8.label = 12 album_8D476DB8_D7CE_3ADE_41DE_0ABF4638C3F6_9.label = 13 album_8D476DB8_D7CE_3ADE_41DE_0ABF4638C3F6_1.label = 2 photo_E83C05E1_F7A2_0E1F_41E9_C46721A5840D.label = 2. multiplex of 4 stains photo_E83C05E1_F7A2_0E1F_41E9_C46721A5840D.label = 2. multiplex of 4 stains album_D520A01F_4594_5615_41A3_77449B195DE7_1.label = 2.96wellplate © European Union album_E80060BB_45FD_D61C_41A8_C3364F9B3FF5_1.label = 2.Cardiomyocytes © Ps1415, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons album_264A8CF7_7848_1BA4_41D4_AE1765418504_1.label = 2.DSC_3880 photo_18476E13_4F77_CDED_41CF_E41EFC4D4B05.label = 2.Directive © European Union album_D0725921_45FC_562D_41D1_3E7974E2A20E_1.label = 2.HTS © European Union album_531187D6_5CB4_3A17_41D2_59A9F1D4EBF6_0.label = 2.HTS © European Union album_EB7EC4FF_45F4_5E15_41B9_7F20A6CCAEC8_1.label = 2.HeLa cells © NIH - flickr.com, CCBY-NC 2.0 album_D23B7ECF_459C_CA75_41B2_A6C23B84E086_1.label = 2.Incubator close © European Union album_3B8E087D_7848_7AA4_418C_9F55DC1629CF_1.label = 2.MEA and operator photo_C48B7465_44EB_DE35_418E_6D950FA3BC71.label = 2.Nll_130120_0616_5D © European Union album_1AADFE70_7848_16BC_41C8_F222D58873FB_0.label = 2.OoC with woman (luchschenF - stock.adobe.com) photo_F8B4431C_E8E1_953B_41C6_70CC3F42030A.label = 2.space photo_F8B4431C_E8E1_953B_41C6_70CC3F42030A.label = 2.space album_E86F964B_45F4_7A7D_41B5_F3443265AC27_1.label = 2.stemcells ©metamorworks stock.adobe.com album_C7774F51_D416_77F0_41E9_EB285228792E_0.label = 20210216_115204 album_C7774F51_D416_77F0_41E9_EB285228792E_1.label = 20210216_115258 album_C7774F51_D416_77F0_41E9_EB285228792E_2.label = 20210216_115325 album_C7774F51_D416_77F0_41E9_EB285228792E_3.label = 20210216_115459 album_8D476DB8_D7CE_3ADE_41DE_0ABF4638C3F6_10.label = 26 photo_C0C3513B_D432_0BB0_41E0_EF18A8000AA6.label = 27 photo_C0C3513B_D432_0BB0_41E0_EF18A8000AA6.label = 27 photo_C1F94E38_D432_39B1_41E6_54E6D49760E1.label = 3 photo_C1F94E38_D432_39B1_41E6_54E6D49760E1.label = 3 photo_E90057FE_F7A2_09E5_41E3_2AB9A036B35C.label = 3. multiplex of 6 stains photo_E90057FE_F7A2_09E5_41E3_2AB9A036B35C.label = 3. multiplex of 6 stains album_264A8CF7_7848_1BA4_41D4_AE1765418504_2.label = 3.JJB9293 album_E80060BB_45FD_D61C_41A8_C3364F9B3FF5_2.label = 3.Neurons © European Union album_E98EFEBA_45F4_4A1F_41C4_C0D370043B38_2.label = 3.Nll_130120_0206_5D © European Union photo_C49449F6_44EB_D617_41CD_6468657986FE.label = 3.Nll_130120_0352_5D © European Union photo_1847F156_4F77_D617_41CA_63659137C3D8.label = 3.Three Rs © European Union album_E86F964B_45F4_7A7D_41B5_F3443265AC27_2.label = 3.applications © Paulista, stock.adobe.com album_52F90356_5D74_3A17_41B3_4710D1FFD1DF_0.label = 3.cells © European Union album_EB7EC4FF_45F4_5E15_41B9_7F20A6CCAEC8_2.label = 3.cells © European Union album_D0725921_45FC_562D_41D1_3E7974E2A20E_2.label = 3.pipetting © Panupat - 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Watch the video to see how neurons spontaneously aggregate and build networks on a microelectrode array device.
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The next frontier in organ-on-chip field is the creation of the ‘body-on-a-chip’ that integrates all the organs in a human body.
By using cells coming from a single donor, this innovation could lead to the ‘patient-on-a-chip’, which could make personalised medicine a reality.
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The next frontier in organ-on-chip is the creation of the ‘body-on-a-chip’ that integrates all the organs in a human body.
By using cells coming from a single donor, this innovation could lead to the ‘patient-on-a-chip’, which could make personalised medicine a reality.
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"Hi! I’m Adelaide and I’ll take you on a tour through our ECVAM laboratories.


You’ll discover in vitro methods and how they can be used instead of animals to test the safety of chemicals which are found in all sorts of everyday items, including food and consumer products."
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Adelaide: "If they are not used safely, hazardous chemicals can damage or kill our cells and cause health problems.


This depends on the chemical concentration and exposure time since even toxic chemicals can be used safely if the amount we are exposed to is very low.


With a high-tech microscope, we can check the effect of chemicals on the cultured cells after exposure.


But let’s listen to our scientist Taina."



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Adelaide: "Simple in vitro cell models cannot capture some of the more complex aspects of the human body.


However, scientists have recently developed devices as big as a credit card that can mimic organ functions: this is known as organ-on-chip technology.


Our scientist Monica will show you the device!"



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Adelaide: "Some of the cells in our bodies can generate an electrical signal.


For example, our heartbeat is caused by an electrical impulse generated by heart cells.


Also, neurons are electrically active and together produce complex patterns of spikes and bursts that allow us to do all sorts of things, such as think and move.


However, this activity can change if neuroactive chemicals reach the brain and interfere with cellular processes and function.


Our scientist Francesca will tell you more."
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Adelaide: "The human body is made up of over 200 different types of cells, each with its own specific function.


In our lab, we culture many different cells, including those found in the brain, liver, skin and connective tissues.


Find out how our scientist Emilio takes good care of our cells."



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Adelaide: "This is the heart of our laboratory!


Here we use a robot to expose cells grown in the lab to different chemicals that we might come into contact with during our daily lives, such as those in detergents, disinfectants, medicines or cosmetics.


To learn more, why not get closer to our scientist Jukka!"
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Using a microelectrode array (MEA), we can also monitor the transformation of stem cells into mature neurons and check whether chemicals can affect this critical process.
This actually simulates neuronal development in a foetus at a time when the blood brain barrier is not yet formed.
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Cells can also dance! Don’t you believe it? Watch the video.
htmlText_F1D38E36_E8EE_8F77_41DF_BF568D79AD01.html =
Learn more about stem cells in the video.
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Watch the video to learn more about the HeLa cell line
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Watch the video to see the effect of some chemicals on neurons and liver cells!
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Watch the video to see the effect of some chemicals on neurons and liver cells!
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Watch the video to see the effect of some chemicals on neurons and liver cells!
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Welcome to the EU Reference Laboratory for alternatives to animal testing, known as ECVAM.


ECVAM is part of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre and is located in Ispra, next to Lake Maggiore in northern Italy.


ECVAM plays an important role in validating and promoting alternative methods to animal testing for use in biomedical research and toxicology.


The EU is a world leader in implementing the Three Rs principles: replacement, reduction and refinement of animal testing. The duties of ECVAM are set out in EU legislation on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.


Take a look around to find out more about our laboratory.
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Welcome to the EU Reference Laboratory for alternatives to animal testing, known as ECVAM.


ECVAM is part of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre and is located in Ispra, next to Lake Maggiore in northern Italy.


ECVAM plays an important role in validating and promoting alternative methods to animal testing for use in biomedical research and toxicology.


The EU is a world leader in implementing the Three Rs principles: replacement, reduction and refinement of animal testing. The duties of ECVAM are set out in EU legislation on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.


Take a look around to find out more about our laboratory.
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Using a microelectrode array (MEA), we can also monitor the transformation of stem cells into mature neurons and check whether chemicals can affect this critical process.
This actually models neuronal development in a foetus at a time when the blood brain barrier is not yet formed.
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1. Since 2013, the European Union’s Cosmetics Regulation has prohibited the sale of cosmetics and personal-care products that have been tested on animals.


2. In 2010, the EU adopted Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. This Directive is unique in the world because it sets as its ultimate goal the full replacement of laboratory animals.
3. The Directive also spells out – for the first time in EU legislation – the principle of the “Three Rs’ to replace, reduce and refine the use of animals in science and makes it a legal requirement in all aspects of the care and use of laboratory animals.



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An incubator controls the pH of the cell cultures via the amount of CO2.


This is because the CO2 dissolved in a solution determines the pH of that solution.


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In 2004, Michael Shuler and his colleagues successfully cultured lung and liver cells on a 2.5 cm, square silicon chip, and introduced the concept of mimicking organ functions by combining cell models with microfluidics.


Donald Ingber invented the term organ-on-chip in 2010, in a paper describing a microfluidic chip able to reproduce functions of the human lung.
Many more devices have been developed since then, including miniature replicates of basically all human organs.


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Instead a robotic platform can pipette 1 plate with 96 wells in 4 seconds; consequently, it would take under 5 minutes to fill 16 96-well plates.
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Multi-well plates are available in different formats based on the number of wells they have.


In the image you saw a 96-well plate, which is one of the most-used formats.


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Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a silicon-based organic polymer, is the material of choice for the majority of organ-on-chip devices. Glass and silicon are also used quite often, especially for devices with integrated sensors.


PDMS has many advantages, such as its permeability to oxygen and other gases, optical transparency, biocompatibility, low cost, robustness, and is easily produced.


On the other hand, PDMS is a hydrophobic material which can entrap molecules often used for cell culture, like drugs. One common way to solve this problem is by using surface treatments and coatings
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Sadly, Henrietta Lacks died of cancer in 1951 but the cancerous cells taken from her then are still used in research today.


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These are brain neurons.


While other cells in our body are oval, rectangular or irregular in shape, neurons look entirely different with projections from the cell body called neurites (axons or dendrites) to transmit electrical signals from one cell to another.
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This is the robotic arm of a high-throughput screening platform which handles the multi-well plates.


A laminar flow hood is an enclosed bench that provides a sterile environment.


An incubator is a device used to grow and keep human cells under their optimal conditions.


A chemical fume hood is a ventilated enclosed bench that prevents exposure to potentially harmful chemical substances.




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Cell cultures quiz
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Organ-on-chip quiz
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Robotic platform quiz
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When visiting on site, you can get a snapshot of yourself dressed up as your favourite scientist at our Photobooth, choose one of our exciting backdrops and share the picture with your friends and family.
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Photoboot


When visiting on site, you can get a snapshot of yourself dressed up as your favourite scientist at our Photobooth, choose one of our exciting backdrops and share the picture with your friends and family.
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The correct answer is


A: Henrietta Lacks, named after the patient whose cells were taken.
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The correct answer is
A: neurons (nerve cells)
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The correct answer is
B: lung
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The correct answer is
B: to control the pH
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The correct answer is
C: 15 minutes
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The correct answer is
C: a 96-well plate
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The correct answer is
C: a silicon-based organic polymer
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The correct answer is
D: a robotic arm of the high-throughput screening platform.
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